The issue of returning rejected asylum seekers has caused heated debates in the European Union for years. Many governments in the 27-nation bloc have repeatedly called for stricter rules to return rejected migrants faster to their country of origin.
A souring of public opinion on migration has fuelled hard-right electoral gains in several EU countries, upping pressure on governments to harden their stance.
Led by the governments of Sweden, Italy, Denmark and the Netherlands, EU leaders called in October for urgent new legislation to increase and speed up returns and for the European Commission to assess "innovative" ways to counter irregular migration.
On Tuesday, the Commission responded with new plans for tougher deportation rules and stricter controls intended to accelerate the return of rejected asylum seekers and other migrants who don't have a right to remain in the EU.
According to the Commission, currently only around 20 percent of people who are ordered to leave actually return to their country of origin.
"With the new European return system, we will ensure that those who have no right to stay in the EU are actually returned," EU Migration Commissioner Magnus Brunner told a press conference in Strasbourg. "This will significantly strengthen trust in our common European asylum and migration system," he added.
Common deportation rules in the making The set of measures is aimed at introducing common rules across the bloc on how to process rejected asylum seekers and people who overstay their visa, Brunner said.
Deportation orders issued by one EU country are to be automatically recognised by other member states to avoid repeating legal proceedings in different countries.
Under the proposal, the Commission is seeking to give EU countries the possibility to sanction people who do not co-operate with authorities by imposing financial penalties through reducing or withholding benefits, confiscating identity documents or imposing an entry ban.
Some MEPs have however warned the proposal lacks stronger leverage on third countries to take deported migrants. According to Czech MEP Nicola Bartůšek - whose Oath party is a member of the far-right Patriots for Europe group in the European Parliament - "the proposal is still too soft". She added that the EU could put pressure on these countries using its visa policy or the aid it pays to them.
Most controversial is the creation of "return hubs" outside the EU where rejected migrants could be sent pending transfer home.
This is not possible at present as under EU rules migrants can be transferred only to their country of origin or a country they transited from, unless they agree otherwise.
The proposed regulation would allow EU countries to strike deals with other nations to set up such centres. The move opens the way to forms of externalisation of migration control procedures and, in this sense, follows the direction of the protocol signed between Italy and Albania.
The agreement, signed by Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni and her Albanian counterpart, Edi Rama, in Rome in November 2023, envisages that up to 3,000 migrants and refugees per month who are still awaiting their asylum decision from Italy will be housed in Albania.
The centres in Albania are meant to fast track the asylum requests of (some) migrants. People with special needs such as the elderly, children or pregnant women are excluded from the deal.
However, EU officials say the proposed return hubs are a fundamentally different concept - involving unsuccessful asylum seekers rather than individuals seeking European protection.
Fraught with legal and ethical concerns, some experts say return hubs are an expensive and impractical idea that is unlikely to see large-scale uptake any time soon despite the Commission's proposal.
Dr Marta Welander of the International Rescue Committee warned the proposal was likely to result in "families being torn apart, people being held in prison-like conditions" and a heightened risk of rights violations.
"Keeping people deliberately out of sight and out of mind is not a sustainable solution to Europe's migration challenges," she said.
Irregular migration on the decline Amid roaring demands from EU governments to crack down on migration, figures show that irregular entries have in fact already been on the decline in several countries.
Irregular border crossings detected into the EU were down 38 percent to 239,000 last year after an almost 10-year peak in 2023, according to EU border agency Frontex.
In Slovenia, the number of irregular border crossings decreased significantly in 2024. Police have reported around 46,000 cases, almost 25 percent less than in 2023.
Irregular migration across the Slovak border fell by more than 94 percent last year, according to a report on the activities of the chief border commissioner of the Slovak Republic for 2024.
Croatian Interior Minister Davor Božinović said on Wednesday that the country reduced irregular migrant entries by nearly 70 percent last year.
Media outlets and international non-governmental organisations often accuse Croatia of alleged violent police pushbacks, during which migrants were stripped of their documents, personal belongings, and mobile phones. The government rejects these allegations.
In Denmark, which has one of the strictest immigration policies under prime minister Mette Frederiksen, 330 rejected asylum seekers were in deportation status at the end of 2024, while around 860 people were granted asylum last year.
The German Federal Ministry of the Interior announced in January there was a staggering total of 18,384 returns in the first eleven months of 2024. In comparison, the German Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF) said it received almost 230,000 first-time asylum applications in the same year.
Germany's conservative election winner Friedrich Merz (CDU) vowed to toughen restrictions to reduce irregular migration, such as by rejecting undocumented migrants at its borders, following exploratory coalition talks with the centre-left Social Democrats (SPD).
In Spain, on the other hand, the number of irregular migrants nearly reached a record high in 2024, with 63,970 entries according to figures published by the Interior Ministry in January.
The bulk of arrivals - 73.2 percent - was recorded via the Canary Islands route. A report by NGO Caminando Fronteras said at least 10,457 migrants died or disappeared while trying to reach Spain by sea from January 1 to December 5, 2024 - of which almost 10,000 along the Atlantic migration route from Africa to Spain's Canary Islands.
In November, the government approved a reform of immigration regulations that reduces the timeframes and simplifies the requirements for regularising migrants living in Spain without papers. This could potentially benefit 900,000 migrants over the next three years, according to Elma Saiz, Spain's Minister of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration.
Europe's walls and fences Several EU countries, including Italy, the Netherlands and Denmark, are pushing to further tighten entries at the EU level, including the strengthening of external borders.
Key initiatives aimed at preventing migrants crossing into EU member states are taking shape for example along the Poland-Belarus border as well as the Greek and Bulgarian borders with Türkiye, which shares a 200-kilometre frontier with Greece.
In 2022, Poland began building a five-metre-high, 186-kilometre-long metal barrier. Attempts by thousands of migrants from the Middle East and Africa to enter Poland are seen by Warsaw as a hybrid operation by Belarus and Russia to destabilise Poland and the EU.
Türkiye plans to build an 8.5-kilometre wall on its western border where Greece and Bulgaria have already erected their own fences, a local governor said.
In 2014, Bulgaria put up a 30-kilometre razor wire fence along its border with Türkiye as migrants flocked there to avoid the perilous Mediterranean Sea crossing.
In 2024, Bulgarian border police officers prevented over 52,500 attempts by migrants to enter the country irregularly. Migration pressure has decreased by 70 percent year-on-year, Border Police Director Anton Zlatanov said during a meeting of the border police heads of Austria, Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary on Tuesday.
In early February, Bulgarian border police also began the so-called "Operation Solidarity", a joint effort with colleagues from Austria, Hungary and Romania at the Bulgarian-Turkish border.
On January 1, Bulgaria became a full member of the Schengen area of free movement, with border checks at all internal EU borders removed. Border controls remain in place with the Republic of North Macedonia, Serbia, and Türkiye.
FACT CHECK: Athens train crash protest misrepresented as anti-migrant rally Anti-migrant narratives have been gaining traction across the European Union, often fueled by misleading or false claims online. A recent example is a video of a large demonstration in Athens on February 28, 2025, which was falsely portrayed as an anti-immigration protest.
The factchecking team of Agence France-Presse has debunked the claims, explaining that the gathering commemorated the second anniversary of Greece's deadliest train crash, which claimed 57 lives in 2023. Protesters were demanding justice for the victims and accountability for the tragedy, with no connection to immigration issues.
Read the full fact check in English: https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.36ZA23Q This article is published twice a week. The content is based on news by agencies participating in the enr, in this case AFP, ANSA, BTA, CTK, dpa, EFE, HINA, Ritzau, STA, and TASR.
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